diff --git a/app/editor/components/SelectionToolbar.tsx b/app/editor/components/SelectionToolbar.tsx
index 7a25587329..7c65936369 100644
--- a/app/editor/components/SelectionToolbar.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/components/SelectionToolbar.tsx
@@ -2,34 +2,19 @@ import type { EditorState, Selection } from "prosemirror-state";
 import Suggestion from "~/editor/extensions/Suggestion";
 import { NodeSelection, TextSelection } from "prosemirror-state";
 import * as React from "react";
-import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
+
 import filterExcessSeparators from "@shared/editor/lib/filterExcessSeparators";
+import { buildSelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/lib/buildSelectionContext";
 import {
   getMarkRange,
   getMarkRangeNodeSelection,
 } from "@shared/editor/queries/getMarkRange";
 import { isInCode } from "@shared/editor/queries/isInCode";
 import { isInNotice } from "@shared/editor/queries/isInNotice";
-import { isNodeActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isNodeActive";
-import {
-  getColumnIndex,
-  getRowIndex,
-  isTableSelected,
-} from "@shared/editor/queries/table";
 import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import useBoolean from "~/hooks/useBoolean";
 import useEventListener from "~/hooks/useEventListener";
 import useMobile from "~/hooks/useMobile";
-import getAttachmentMenuItems from "../menus/attachment";
-import getCodeMenuItems from "../menus/code";
-import getDividerMenuItems from "../menus/divider";
-import getFormattingMenuItems from "../menus/formatting";
-import getImageMenuItems from "../menus/image";
-import getNoticeMenuItems from "../menus/notice";
-import getReadOnlyMenuItems from "../menus/readOnly";
-import getTableMenuItems from "../menus/table";
-import getTableColMenuItems from "../menus/tableCol";
-import getTableRowMenuItems from "../menus/tableRow";
 import {
   columnDragPluginKey,
   rowDragPluginKey,
@@ -64,7 +49,6 @@ function useIsDragging(state: EditorState) {
   useEventListener("dragend", setNotDragging);
   useEventListener("drop", setNotDragging);
 
-  // Check if table row or column is being dragged
   const columnDragState = columnDragPluginKey.getState(state);
   const rowDragState = rowDragPluginKey.getState(state);
   const isTableDragging =
@@ -81,8 +65,7 @@ enum Toolbar {
 
 export function SelectionToolbar(props: Props) {
   const { readOnly = false } = props;
-  const { view, extensions, commands } = useEditor();
-  const { t } = useTranslation();
+  const { view, extensions, commands, selectionToolbarMenus } = useEditor();
   const menuRef = React.useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
   const isMobile = useMobile();
   const isActive = props.isActive || isMobile;
@@ -144,7 +127,6 @@ export function SelectionToolbar(props: Props) {
     }
   }, [activeToolbar]);
 
-  // Refocus the editor when the link toolbar closes to prevent focus loss
   const prevActiveToolbar = React.useRef(activeToolbar);
   React.useLayoutEffect(() => {
     if (
@@ -175,7 +157,6 @@ export function SelectionToolbar(props: Props) {
         return;
       }
 
-      // Don't collapse selection if any suggestion menu is open
       const isSuggestionMenuOpen = extensions.extensions.some(
         (ext) => ext instanceof Suggestion && ext.isOpen
       );
@@ -228,51 +209,16 @@ export function SelectionToolbar(props: Props) {
 
   const { isTemplate, rtl, canComment, canUpdate, ...rest } = props;
 
-  const isDividerSelection = isNodeActive(state.schema.nodes.hr)(state);
-  const colIndex = getColumnIndex(state);
-  const rowIndex = getRowIndex(state);
-  const isImageSelection =
-    selection instanceof NodeSelection && selection.node.type.name === "image";
-  const isAttachmentSelection =
-    selection instanceof NodeSelection &&
-    selection.node.type.name === "attachment";
+  // Build selection context once, shared across all menu matchers
+  const ctx = buildSelectionContext(state, { readOnly, isTemplate, rtl });
 
-  let items: MenuItem[] = [];
-  let align: "center" | "start" | "end" = "center";
+  // Find the first matching menu from the registry (sorted by priority)
+  const matched = selectionToolbarMenus.find((menu) => menu.matches(ctx));
 
-  if (
-    isCodeSelection &&
-    (selection.empty || selection instanceof NodeSelection)
-  ) {
-    items = getCodeMenuItems(state, readOnly, t);
-    align = "end";
-  } else if (isTableSelected(state)) {
-    items = getTableMenuItems(state, readOnly, t);
-  } else if (colIndex !== undefined) {
-    items = getTableColMenuItems(state, readOnly, t, {
-      index: colIndex,
-      rtl,
-    });
-  } else if (rowIndex !== undefined) {
-    items = getTableRowMenuItems(state, readOnly, t, {
-      index: rowIndex,
-    });
-  } else if (isImageSelection) {
-    items = getImageMenuItems(state, readOnly, t);
-  } else if (isAttachmentSelection) {
-    items = getAttachmentMenuItems(state, readOnly, t);
-  } else if (isDividerSelection) {
-    items = getDividerMenuItems(state, readOnly, t);
-  } else if (readOnly) {
-    items = getReadOnlyMenuItems(state, !!canUpdate, t);
-  } else if (isNoticeSelection && selection.empty) {
-    items = getNoticeMenuItems(state, readOnly, t);
-    align = "end";
-  } else {
-    items = getFormattingMenuItems(state, isTemplate, t);
-  }
+  let items: MenuItem[] = matched ? matched.getItems(ctx) : [];
+  const align = matched?.align ?? "center";
 
-  // Some extensions may be disabled, remove corresponding items
+  // Filter out items for disabled extensions or invisible items
   items = items.filter((item) => {
     if (item.name === "separator") {
       return true;
diff --git a/app/editor/extensions/SelectionToolbar.tsx b/app/editor/extensions/SelectionToolbar.tsx
index be4c63e470..c08f8815d9 100644
--- a/app/editor/extensions/SelectionToolbar.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/extensions/SelectionToolbar.tsx
@@ -7,7 +7,18 @@ import Extension from "@shared/editor/lib/Extension";
 import { isInNotice } from "@shared/editor/queries/isInNotice";
 import { isMarkActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isMarkActive";
 import { isNodeActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isNodeActive";
+import type { SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import { SelectionToolbar } from "../components/SelectionToolbar";
+import getAttachmentMenuItems from "../menus/attachment";
+import getCodeMenuItems from "../menus/code";
+
+import getFormattingMenuItems from "../menus/formatting";
+import getImageMenuItems from "../menus/image";
+import getNoticeMenuItems from "../menus/notice";
+import getReadOnlyMenuItems from "../menus/readOnly";
+import getTableMenuItems from "../menus/table";
+import getTableColMenuItems from "../menus/tableCol";
+import getTableRowMenuItems from "../menus/tableRow";
 
 export default class SelectionToolbarExtension extends Extension {
   get name() {
@@ -31,6 +42,72 @@ export default class SelectionToolbarExtension extends Extension {
   @observable
   state: Selection | boolean = false;
 
+  /**
+   * Returns all selection toolbar menu descriptors. Each descriptor declares
+   * when it matches (via a predicate on SelectionContext) and what items to
+   * show. The toolbar evaluates them in priority order and uses the first
+   * match.
+   *
+   * @returns an array of selection toolbar menu descriptors.
+   */
+  selectionToolbarMenus(): SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor[] {
+    return [
+      {
+        priority: 100,
+        align: "end",
+        matches: (ctx) =>
+          ctx.isInCodeBlock &&
+          (ctx.isEmpty || ctx.selectedNodeType !== undefined),
+        getItems: (ctx) => getCodeMenuItems(ctx),
+      },
+      {
+        priority: 90,
+        matches: (ctx) => ctx.isTableSelected,
+        getItems: (ctx) => getTableMenuItems(ctx),
+      },
+      {
+        priority: 85,
+        matches: (ctx) => ctx.colIndex !== undefined,
+        getItems: (ctx) => getTableColMenuItems(ctx),
+      },
+      {
+        priority: 80,
+        matches: (ctx) => ctx.rowIndex !== undefined,
+        getItems: (ctx) => getTableRowMenuItems(ctx),
+      },
+      {
+        priority: 50,
+        matches: (ctx) => ctx.selectedNodeType === "image",
+        getItems: (ctx) => getImageMenuItems(ctx),
+      },
+      {
+        priority: 50,
+        matches: (ctx) => ctx.selectedNodeType === "attachment",
+        getItems: (ctx) => getAttachmentMenuItems(ctx),
+      },
+      {
+        priority: 30,
+        matches: (ctx) => ctx.readOnly,
+        getItems: (ctx) =>
+          getReadOnlyMenuItems(
+            ctx,
+            this.editor.props.canUpdate ?? false
+          ),
+      },
+      {
+        priority: 20,
+        align: "end",
+        matches: (ctx) => ctx.isInNotice && ctx.isEmpty,
+        getItems: (ctx) => getNoticeMenuItems(ctx),
+      },
+      {
+        priority: 0,
+        matches: () => true,
+        getItems: (ctx) => getFormattingMenuItems(ctx),
+      },
+    ];
+  }
+
   private handleUpdate = action((view: EditorView) => {
     const { state } = view;
     this.state = this.calculateState(state);
diff --git a/app/editor/index.tsx b/app/editor/index.tsx
index f3e2027b40..0b0af48cdd 100644
--- a/app/editor/index.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/index.tsx
@@ -35,7 +35,10 @@ import type { MarkdownSerializer } from "@shared/editor/lib/markdown/serializer"
 import textBetween from "@shared/editor/lib/textBetween";
 import { basicExtensions as extensions } from "@shared/editor/nodes";
 import type ReactNode from "@shared/editor/nodes/ReactNode";
-import type { ComponentProps } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import type {
+  ComponentProps,
+  SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor,
+} from "@shared/editor/types";
 import type {
   ProsemirrorData,
   ProsemirrorMark,
@@ -228,6 +231,7 @@ export class Editor extends React.PureComponent<
   nodes: { [name: string]: NodeSpec };
   marks: { [name: string]: MarkSpec };
   commands: Record<string, CommandFactory>;
+  selectionToolbarMenus: SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor[];
   rulePlugins: PluginSimple[];
   events = new EventEmitter();
   mutationObserver?: MutationObserver;
@@ -341,6 +345,7 @@ export class Editor extends React.PureComponent<
 
     this.view = this.createView();
     this.commands = this.createCommands();
+    this.selectionToolbarMenus = this.extensions.selectionToolbarMenus;
   }
 
   private createExtensions() {
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/attachment.tsx b/app/editor/menus/attachment.tsx
index 359e40171b..4d1c9a0f93 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/attachment.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/attachment.tsx
@@ -1,19 +1,22 @@
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
+import { t } from "i18next";
 import { TrashIcon, DownloadIcon, ReplaceIcon, PDFIcon } from "outline-icons";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
-import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import { isNodeActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isNodeActive";
+import type { MenuItem, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the attachment selection toolbar.
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function attachmentMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  readOnly: boolean,
-  t: TFunction
+  ctx: SelectionContext
 ): MenuItem[] {
-  if (readOnly) {
+  if (ctx.readOnly) {
     return [];
   }
 
-  const { schema } = state;
+  const { schema, state } = ctx;
   const isAttachmentWithPreview = isNodeActive(schema.nodes.attachment, {
     preview: true,
   });
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/code.tsx b/app/editor/menus/code.tsx
index bc123fb81b..bd5a145cbc 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/code.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/code.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { CopyIcon, EditIcon, ExpandedIcon, TextWrapIcon } from "outline-icons";
 import type { Node as ProseMirrorNode } from "prosemirror-model";
 import { NodeSelection } from "prosemirror-state";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
 import {
   pluginKey as mermaidPluginKey,
   type MermaidState,
@@ -12,15 +11,20 @@ import {
   getLabelForLanguage,
 } from "@shared/editor/lib/code";
 import { isMermaid } from "@shared/editor/lib/isCode";
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
-import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import { t } from "i18next";
+import type { MenuItem, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import { metaDisplay } from "@shared/utils/keyboard";
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the code block selection toolbar.
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function codeMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  readOnly: boolean | undefined,
-  t: TFunction
+  ctx: SelectionContext
 ): MenuItem[] {
+  const { state, readOnly } = ctx;
   const node =
     state.selection instanceof NodeSelection
       ? state.selection.node
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/divider.tsx b/app/editor/menus/divider.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index be3cff8ea5..0000000000
--- a/app/editor/menus/divider.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
-import { PageBreakIcon, HorizontalRuleIcon } from "outline-icons";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
-import { isNodeActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isNodeActive";
-import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
-
-export default function dividerMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  readOnly: boolean,
-  t: TFunction
-): MenuItem[] {
-  if (readOnly) {
-    return [];
-  }
-  const { schema } = state;
-
-  return [
-    {
-      name: "hr",
-      tooltip: t("Divider"),
-      attrs: { markup: "---" },
-      active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.hr, { markup: "---" }),
-      icon: <HorizontalRuleIcon />,
-    },
-    {
-      name: "hr",
-      tooltip: t("Page break"),
-      attrs: { markup: "***" },
-      active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.hr, { markup: "***" }),
-      icon: <PageBreakIcon />,
-    },
-  ];
-}
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/formatting.tsx b/app/editor/menus/formatting.tsx
index c8ad424f45..2fdc8d53e2 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/formatting.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/formatting.tsx
@@ -25,22 +25,16 @@ import {
 import { v4 as uuidv4 } from "uuid";
 import CellBackgroundColorPicker from "../components/CellBackgroundColorPicker";
 import HighlightColorPicker from "../components/HighlightColorPicker";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
 
 import { getDocumentHighlightColors } from "@shared/editor/queries/getDocumentHighlightColors";
 import { getMarksBetween } from "@shared/editor/queries/getMarksBetween";
-import { isInCode } from "@shared/editor/queries/isInCode";
 import { isInList } from "@shared/editor/queries/isInList";
 import { isMarkActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isMarkActive";
 import { isNodeActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isNodeActive";
-import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import type { MenuItem, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import { metaDisplay } from "@shared/utils/keyboard";
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
+import { t } from "i18next";
 import CircleIcon from "~/components/Icons/CircleIcon";
-import {
-  isMobile as isMobileDevice,
-  isTouchDevice,
-} from "@shared/utils/browser";
 import {
   getColorSetForSelectedCells,
   getDocumentTableBackgroundColors,
@@ -49,24 +43,21 @@ import {
   isMergedCellSelection,
   isMultipleCellSelection,
 } from "@shared/editor/queries/table";
-import { CellSelection } from "prosemirror-tables";
+import type { CellSelection } from "prosemirror-tables";
 import TableCell from "@shared/editor/nodes/TableCell";
 import Highlight from "@shared/editor/marks/Highlight";
 import { DottedCircleIcon } from "~/components/Icons/DottedCircleIcon";
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the default formatting selection toolbar.
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function formattingMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  isTemplate: boolean,
-  t: TFunction
+  ctx: SelectionContext
 ): MenuItem[] {
-  const { schema } = state;
-  const isCode = isInCode(state);
-  const isCodeBlock = isInCode(state, { onlyBlock: true });
-  const isEmpty = state.selection.empty;
-  const isMobile = isMobileDevice();
-  const isTouch = isTouchDevice();
-  const isList = isInList(state);
-  const isTableCell = state.selection instanceof CellSelection;
+  const { schema, state, isTemplate, isMobile, isTouch, isEmpty, isInCode, isInCodeBlock, isInList: isList, isTableCell } = ctx;
 
   const highlight = getMarksBetween(
     state.selection.from,
@@ -83,6 +74,9 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
 
   const selectedCellsColorSet = getColorSetForSelectedCells(state.selection);
 
+  const canFormatInline = !isInCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty);
+  const canFormatBlock = !isInCodeBlock && (!isMobile || isEmpty);
+
   return [
     {
       name: "placeholder",
@@ -101,7 +95,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       shortcut: `${metaDisplay}+B`,
       icon: <BoldIcon />,
       active: isMarkActive(schema.marks.strong),
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatInline,
     },
     {
       name: "em",
@@ -109,7 +103,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       shortcut: `${metaDisplay}+I`,
       icon: <ItalicIcon />,
       active: isMarkActive(schema.marks.em),
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatInline,
     },
     {
       name: "strikethrough",
@@ -117,7 +111,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       shortcut: `${metaDisplay}+D`,
       icon: <StrikethroughIcon />,
       active: isMarkActive(schema.marks.strikethrough),
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatInline,
     },
     {
       tooltip: t("Background color"),
@@ -133,12 +127,10 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
         ) : (
           <PaletteIcon />
         ),
-      visible: !isCode && (!isMobile || !isEmpty) && isTableCell,
+      visible: !isInCode && (!isMobile || !isEmpty) && isTableCell,
       children: (): MenuItem[] => {
-        // Get all unique background colors used in table cells (lazily computed when menu opens)
         const documentTableColors = getDocumentTableBackgroundColors(state);
 
-        // Filter out preset colors and currently selected colors
         const nonPresetDocumentColors = documentTableColors.filter(
           (color: string) =>
             !TableCell.isPresetColor(color) && !selectedCellsColorSet.has(color)
@@ -181,7 +173,6 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
                 },
               ]
             : []),
-          // Add all other document table background colors
           ...nonPresetDocumentColors.map((color: string) => ({
             name: "toggleCellSelectionBackgroundAndCollapseSelection",
             label: color,
@@ -225,12 +216,10 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
         <HighlightIcon />
       ),
       active: () => !!highlight,
-      visible: !isCode && (!isMobile || !isEmpty) && !isTableCell,
+      visible: !isInCode && (!isMobile || !isEmpty) && !isTableCell,
       children: (): MenuItem[] => {
-        // Get all unique highlight colors used in the document (lazily computed when menu opens)
         const documentHighlightColors = getDocumentHighlightColors(state);
 
-        // Filter out preset colors and the currently selected color
         const currentHighlightColor = highlight?.mark.attrs.color;
         const nonPresetDocumentColors = documentHighlightColors.filter(
           (color: string) =>
@@ -276,7 +265,6 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
                 },
               ]
             : []),
-          // Add all other document highlight colors
           ...nonPresetDocumentColors.map((color: string) => ({
             name: "highlight",
             label: color,
@@ -313,11 +301,11 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       shortcut: `${metaDisplay}+E`,
       icon: <CodeIcon />,
       active: isMarkActive(schema.marks.code_inline),
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatInline,
     },
     {
       name: "separator",
-      visible: !isCodeBlock,
+      visible: !isInCodeBlock,
     },
     {
       name: "heading",
@@ -326,7 +314,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       icon: <Heading1Icon />,
       active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.heading, { level: 1 }),
       attrs: { level: 1 },
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatBlock,
     },
     {
       name: "heading",
@@ -335,7 +323,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       icon: <Heading2Icon />,
       active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.heading, { level: 2 }),
       attrs: { level: 2 },
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatBlock,
     },
     {
       name: "heading",
@@ -344,7 +332,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       icon: <Heading3Icon />,
       active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.heading, { level: 3 }),
       attrs: { level: 3 },
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatBlock,
     },
     {
       name: "blockquote",
@@ -353,7 +341,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       icon: <BlockQuoteIcon />,
       active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.blockquote),
       attrs: { level: 2 },
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && !isTableCell && (!isMobile || isEmpty),
+      visible: !isInCodeBlock && !isTableCell && (!isMobile || isEmpty),
     },
     {
       name: "separator",
@@ -376,7 +364,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       tooltip: t("Toggle block"),
       active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.container_toggle),
       attrs: { id: uuidv4() },
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatBlock,
     },
     {
       name: "separator",
@@ -388,7 +376,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       icon: <TodoListIcon />,
       keywords: "checklist checkbox task",
       active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.checkbox_list),
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && !isTableCell && (!isList || !isTouch),
+      visible: !isInCodeBlock && !isTableCell && (!isList || !isTouch),
     },
     {
       name: "bullet_list",
@@ -396,7 +384,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       shortcut: `⇧+Ctrl+8`,
       icon: <BulletedListIcon />,
       active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.bullet_list),
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && !isTableCell && (!isList || !isTouch),
+      visible: !isInCodeBlock && !isTableCell && (!isList || !isTouch),
     },
     {
       name: "ordered_list",
@@ -404,7 +392,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       shortcut: `⇧+Ctrl+9`,
       icon: <OrderedListIcon />,
       active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.ordered_list),
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && !isTableCell && (!isList || !isTouch),
+      visible: !isInCodeBlock && !isTableCell && (!isList || !isTouch),
     },
     {
       name: "outdentList",
@@ -436,7 +424,7 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
     },
     {
       name: "separator",
-      visible: !isCodeBlock,
+      visible: !isInCodeBlock,
     },
     {
       name: "addLink",
@@ -445,14 +433,14 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
       icon: <LinkIcon />,
       attrs: { href: "" },
       active: isMarkActive(schema.marks.link, undefined, { exact: true }),
-      visible: !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
+      visible: canFormatInline,
     },
     {
       name: "comment",
       tooltip: t("Comment"),
       shortcut: `${metaDisplay}+⌥+M`,
       icon: <CommentIcon />,
-      label: isCodeBlock ? t("Comment") : undefined,
+      label: isInCodeBlock ? t("Comment") : undefined,
       active: isMarkActive(
         schema.marks.comment,
         { resolved: false },
@@ -462,14 +450,14 @@ export default function formattingMenuItems(
     },
     {
       name: "separator",
-      visible: isCode && !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
+      visible: isInCode && !isInCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
     },
     {
       name: "copyToClipboard",
       icon: <CopyIcon />,
       tooltip: t("Copy"),
       shortcut: `${metaDisplay}+C`,
-      visible: isCode && !isCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
+      visible: isInCode && !isInCodeBlock && (!isMobile || !isEmpty),
     },
   ];
 }
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/image.tsx b/app/editor/menus/image.tsx
index 8b78571346..3f567828cd 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/image.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/image.tsx
@@ -10,24 +10,27 @@ import {
   CommentIcon,
   LinkIcon,
 } from "outline-icons";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
 import { isNodeActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isNodeActive";
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
-import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import type { MenuItem, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import { metaDisplay } from "@shared/utils/keyboard";
 import { ImageSource } from "@shared/editor/lib/FileHelper";
 import Desktop from "~/utils/Desktop";
 import { isMarkActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isMarkActive";
+import { t } from "i18next";
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the image selection toolbar.
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function imageMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  readOnly: boolean,
-  t: TFunction
+  ctx: SelectionContext
 ): MenuItem[] {
-  if (readOnly) {
+  if (ctx.readOnly) {
     return [];
   }
-  const { schema } = state;
+  const { schema, state } = ctx;
   const isLeftAligned = isNodeActive(schema.nodes.image, {
     layoutClass: "left-50",
   });
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/notice.tsx b/app/editor/menus/notice.tsx
index 75d52dd1bd..d665de2eac 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/notice.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/notice.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
+import { t } from "i18next";
 import {
   DoneIcon,
   ExpandedIcon,
@@ -6,16 +6,19 @@ import {
   StarredIcon,
   WarningIcon,
 } from "outline-icons";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
 import { NoticeTypes } from "@shared/editor/nodes/Notice";
-import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import type { MenuItem, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the notice/callout selection toolbar.
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function noticeMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  readOnly: boolean | undefined,
-  t: TFunction
+  ctx: SelectionContext
 ): MenuItem[] {
-  const node = state.selection.$from.node(-1);
+  const node = ctx.selection.$from.node(-1);
   const currentStyle = node?.attrs.style as NoticeTypes;
 
   const mapping = {
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ export default function noticeMenuItems(
   return [
     {
       name: "container_notice",
-      visible: !readOnly,
+      visible: !ctx.readOnly,
       label: mapping[currentStyle],
       icon: <ExpandedIcon />,
       children: [
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/readOnly.tsx b/app/editor/menus/readOnly.tsx
index c29142f666..ac3706fc40 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/readOnly.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/readOnly.tsx
@@ -1,20 +1,24 @@
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
+import { t } from "i18next";
 import { CommentIcon } from "outline-icons";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
 import { isMarkActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isMarkActive";
-import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import type { MenuItem, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the read-only selection toolbar.
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @param canUpdate - whether the user has permission to update the document.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function readOnlyMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  canUpdate: boolean,
-  t: TFunction
+  ctx: SelectionContext,
+  canUpdate: boolean
 ): MenuItem[] {
-  const { schema } = state;
-  const isEmpty = state.selection.empty;
+  const { schema } = ctx;
 
   return [
     {
-      visible: canUpdate && !isEmpty,
+      visible: canUpdate && !ctx.isEmpty,
       name: "comment",
       tooltip: t("Comment"),
       label: t("Comment"),
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/table.tsx b/app/editor/menus/table.tsx
index 9cd4e2bcde..4db3a46fb9 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/table.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/table.tsx
@@ -4,21 +4,24 @@ import {
   TableColumnsDistributeIcon,
   TrashIcon,
 } from "outline-icons";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
 import { isNodeActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isNodeActive";
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
-import type { MenuItem } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import { t } from "i18next";
+import type { MenuItem, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import { TableLayout } from "@shared/editor/types";
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the table selection toolbar (full table selected).
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function tableMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  readOnly: boolean,
-  t: TFunction
+  ctx: SelectionContext
 ): MenuItem[] {
-  if (readOnly) {
+  if (ctx.readOnly) {
     return [];
   }
-  const { schema } = state;
+  const { schema, state } = ctx;
 
   const isFullWidth = isNodeActive(schema.nodes.table, {
     layout: TableLayout.fullWidth,
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/tableCol.tsx b/app/editor/menus/tableCol.tsx
index 1180466c0c..017f88e1f8 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/tableCol.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/tableCol.tsx
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import {
   SortDescendingIcon,
   TableColumnsDistributeIcon,
 } from "outline-icons";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
 import { CellSelection, selectedRect } from "prosemirror-tables";
 import { isNodeActive } from "@shared/editor/queries/isNodeActive";
 import {
@@ -24,16 +23,21 @@ import {
   isMultipleCellSelection,
   tableHasRowspan,
 } from "@shared/editor/queries/table";
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
-import type { MenuItem, NodeAttrMark } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import { t } from "i18next";
+import type { MenuItem, NodeAttrMark, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import { ArrowLeftIcon, ArrowRightIcon } from "~/components/Icons/ArrowIcon";
 import CircleIcon from "~/components/Icons/CircleIcon";
 import CellBackgroundColorPicker from "../components/CellBackgroundColorPicker";
 import TableCell from "@shared/editor/nodes/TableCell";
 import { DottedCircleIcon } from "~/components/Icons/DottedCircleIcon";
+import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
 
 /**
- * Get the set of background colors used in a column
+ * Get the set of background colors used in a column.
+ *
+ * @param state - the current editor state.
+ * @param colIndex - the column index.
+ * @returns a set of hex color strings.
  */
 function getColumnColors(state: EditorState, colIndex: number): Set<string> {
   const colors = new Set<string>();
@@ -55,21 +59,23 @@ function getColumnColors(state: EditorState, colIndex: number): Set<string> {
   return colors;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the table column selection toolbar.
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function tableColMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  readOnly: boolean,
-  t: TFunction,
-  options: {
-    index: number;
-    rtl: boolean;
-  }
+  ctx: SelectionContext
 ): MenuItem[] {
-  if (readOnly) {
+  if (ctx.readOnly) {
     return [];
   }
 
-  const { index, rtl } = options;
-  const { schema, selection } = state;
+  const index = ctx.colIndex!;
+  const rtl = ctx.rtl;
+  const { schema, state } = ctx;
+  const { selection } = state;
   const selectedCols = getAllSelectedColumns(state);
 
   if (!(selection instanceof CellSelection)) {
diff --git a/app/editor/menus/tableRow.tsx b/app/editor/menus/tableRow.tsx
index c0e8542840..f9c2e2e36f 100644
--- a/app/editor/menus/tableRow.tsx
+++ b/app/editor/menus/tableRow.tsx
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ import {
   isMergedCellSelection,
   isMultipleCellSelection,
 } from "@shared/editor/queries/table";
-import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
-import type { MenuItem, NodeAttrMark } from "@shared/editor/types";
+import { t } from "i18next";
+import type { MenuItem, NodeAttrMark, SelectionContext } from "@shared/editor/types";
 import { ArrowDownIcon, ArrowUpIcon } from "~/components/Icons/ArrowIcon";
 import CircleIcon from "~/components/Icons/CircleIcon";
 import CellBackgroundColorPicker from "../components/CellBackgroundColorPicker";
@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@ import TableCell from "@shared/editor/nodes/TableCell";
 import { DottedCircleIcon } from "~/components/Icons/DottedCircleIcon";
 
 /**
- * Get the set of background colors used in a row
+ * Get the set of background colors used in a row.
+ *
+ * @param state - the current editor state.
+ * @param rowIndex - the row index.
+ * @returns a set of hex color strings.
  */
 function getRowColors(state: EditorState, rowIndex: number): Set<string> {
   const colors = new Set<string>();
@@ -46,19 +50,21 @@ function getRowColors(state: EditorState, rowIndex: number): Set<string> {
   return colors;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Returns menu items for the table row selection toolbar.
+ *
+ * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+ * @returns an array of menu items.
+ */
 export default function tableRowMenuItems(
-  state: EditorState,
-  readOnly: boolean,
-  t: TFunction,
-  options: {
-    index: number;
-  }
+  ctx: SelectionContext
 ): MenuItem[] {
-  if (readOnly) {
+  if (ctx.readOnly) {
     return [];
   }
 
-  const { index } = options;
+  const index = ctx.rowIndex!;
+  const { state } = ctx;
   const { selection } = state;
 
   if (!(selection instanceof CellSelection)) {
diff --git a/shared/editor/lib/Extension.ts b/shared/editor/lib/Extension.ts
index 2639e2501b..4eefcbac48 100644
--- a/shared/editor/lib/Extension.ts
+++ b/shared/editor/lib/Extension.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { InputRule } from "prosemirror-inputrules";
 import type { NodeType, MarkType, Schema } from "prosemirror-model";
 import type { Command, Plugin, Selection } from "prosemirror-state";
 import type { Editor } from "../../../app/editor";
+import type { SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor } from "../types";
 
 export type CommandFactory = (attrs?: unknown, options?: unknown) => Command;
 
@@ -108,4 +109,15 @@ export default class Extension<TOptions extends object = object> {
   }): Record<string, CommandFactory> | CommandFactory | undefined {
     return {};
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Declares selection toolbar menus contributed by this extension. When
+   * the user selects content or clicks a node, the toolbar evaluates all
+   * registered menus in priority order and displays the first match.
+   *
+   * @returns an array of menu descriptors, or an empty array if this extension does not contribute menus.
+   */
+  selectionToolbarMenus(): SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor[] {
+    return [];
+  }
 }
diff --git a/shared/editor/lib/ExtensionManager.ts b/shared/editor/lib/ExtensionManager.ts
index 28172b71fd..c02f7821e4 100644
--- a/shared/editor/lib/ExtensionManager.ts
+++ b/shared/editor/lib/ExtensionManager.ts
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import type { Primitive } from "utility-types";
 import type { Editor } from "~/editor";
 import type Mark from "../marks/Mark";
 import type Node from "../nodes/Node";
+import type { SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor } from "../types";
 import type { CommandFactory, WidgetProps } from "./Extension";
 import type Extension from "./Extension";
 import type { AnyExtension, AnyExtensionClass } from "./types";
@@ -235,6 +236,17 @@ export default class ExtensionManager {
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Collects selection toolbar menu descriptors from all extensions and returns
+   * them sorted by priority (highest first). The toolbar evaluates these in
+   * order and displays the first match.
+   */
+  get selectionToolbarMenus(): SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor[] {
+    return this.extensions
+      .flatMap((extension) => extension.selectionToolbarMenus())
+      .sort((a, b) => b.priority - a.priority);
+  }
+
   commands({ schema, view }: { schema: Schema; view: EditorView }) {
     return this.extensions
       .filter((extension) => extension.commands)
diff --git a/shared/editor/lib/buildSelectionContext.ts b/shared/editor/lib/buildSelectionContext.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9c49e8b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/shared/editor/lib/buildSelectionContext.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
+import { NodeSelection } from "prosemirror-state";
+import { CellSelection } from "prosemirror-tables";
+import { isInCode } from "../queries/isInCode";
+import { isInList } from "../queries/isInList";
+import { isInNotice } from "../queries/isInNotice";
+import {
+  getColumnIndex,
+  getRowIndex,
+  isTableSelected,
+} from "../queries/table";
+import { isMobile as isMobileDevice, isTouchDevice } from "../../utils/browser";
+import type { SelectionContext } from "../types";
+
+/**
+ * Build a SelectionContext from the current editor state and options. This
+ * object is computed once per toolbar render and shared across all menu
+ * functions, eliminating repeated queries against the same state.
+ *
+ * @param state - the current prosemirror editor state.
+ * @param options - additional context not derivable from editor state.
+ * @returns a frozen selection context.
+ */
+export function buildSelectionContext(
+  state: EditorState,
+  options: { readOnly: boolean; isTemplate: boolean; rtl: boolean }
+): SelectionContext {
+  const { selection, schema } = state;
+
+  return {
+    state,
+    schema,
+    selection,
+    isEmpty: selection.empty,
+    isMobile: isMobileDevice(),
+    isTouch: isTouchDevice(),
+    readOnly: options.readOnly,
+    isTemplate: options.isTemplate,
+    rtl: options.rtl,
+    isInCode: isInCode(state),
+    isInCodeBlock: isInCode(state, { onlyBlock: true }),
+    isInList: isInList(state),
+    isInNotice: isInNotice(state),
+    isTableCell: selection instanceof CellSelection,
+    isTableSelected: isTableSelected(state),
+    selectedNodeType:
+      selection instanceof NodeSelection
+        ? selection.node.type.name
+        : undefined,
+    colIndex: getColumnIndex(state),
+    rowIndex: getRowIndex(state),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/shared/editor/nodes/HorizontalRule.ts b/shared/editor/nodes/HorizontalRule.tsx
similarity index 65%
rename from shared/editor/nodes/HorizontalRule.ts
rename to shared/editor/nodes/HorizontalRule.tsx
index e72ba415af..86862a6987 100644
--- a/shared/editor/nodes/HorizontalRule.ts
+++ b/shared/editor/nodes/HorizontalRule.tsx
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { t } from "i18next";
 import type Token from "markdown-it/lib/token.mjs";
 import { InputRule } from "prosemirror-inputrules";
 import type {
@@ -6,8 +7,11 @@ import type {
   Node as ProsemirrorNode,
 } from "prosemirror-model";
 import type { Command } from "prosemirror-state";
+import { PageBreakIcon, HorizontalRuleIcon } from "outline-icons";
 import type { Primitive } from "utility-types";
+import { isNodeActive } from "../queries/isNodeActive";
 import type { MarkdownSerializerState } from "../lib/markdown/serializer";
+import type { SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor } from "../types";
 import Node from "./Node";
 
 export default class HorizontalRule extends Node {
@@ -41,6 +45,34 @@ export default class HorizontalRule extends Node {
       };
   }
 
+  selectionToolbarMenus(): SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor[] {
+    return [
+      {
+        priority: 50,
+        matches: (ctx) => ctx.selectedNodeType === "hr" && !ctx.readOnly,
+        getItems: (ctx) => {
+          const { schema } = ctx;
+          return [
+            {
+              name: "hr",
+              tooltip: t("Divider"),
+              attrs: { markup: "---" },
+              active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.hr, { markup: "---" }),
+              icon: <HorizontalRuleIcon />,
+            },
+            {
+              name: "hr",
+              tooltip: t("Page break"),
+              attrs: { markup: "***" },
+              active: isNodeActive(schema.nodes.hr, { markup: "***" }),
+              icon: <PageBreakIcon />,
+            },
+          ];
+        },
+      },
+    ];
+  }
+
   keys({ type }: { type: NodeType }): Record<string, Command> {
     return {
       "Mod-_": (state, dispatch) => {
diff --git a/shared/editor/types/index.ts b/shared/editor/types/index.ts
index fed42810ab..2e5fa73848 100644
--- a/shared/editor/types/index.ts
+++ b/shared/editor/types/index.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type { TFunction } from "i18next";
-import type { Node as ProsemirrorNode } from "prosemirror-model";
-import type { EditorState } from "prosemirror-state";
+import type { Node as ProsemirrorNode, Schema } from "prosemirror-model";
+import type { EditorState, Selection } from "prosemirror-state";
 import type { Decoration, EditorView } from "prosemirror-view";
 import * as React from "react";
 import type { DefaultTheme } from "styled-components";
@@ -74,3 +74,77 @@ export interface NodeAttrMark {
   type: NodeAttrMarkName;
   attrs?: Record<string, unknown>;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Cached selection state computed once per editor update and shared across
+ * all menu functions. Avoids repeated queries against the same EditorState.
+ */
+export interface SelectionContext {
+  /** The current editor state. */
+  state: EditorState;
+  /** The editor schema. */
+  schema: Schema;
+  /** The current selection. */
+  selection: Selection;
+  /** Whether the selection is empty (cursor with no range). */
+  isEmpty: boolean;
+  /** Whether the device is a mobile device. */
+  isMobile: boolean;
+  /** Whether the device supports touch input. */
+  isTouch: boolean;
+  /** Whether the editor is in read-only mode. */
+  readOnly: boolean;
+  /** Whether the document is a template. */
+  isTemplate: boolean;
+  /** Whether text direction is right-to-left. */
+  rtl: boolean;
+  /** Whether the selection is inside inline or block code. */
+  isInCode: boolean;
+  /** Whether the selection is inside a code block (not inline code). */
+  isInCodeBlock: boolean;
+  /** Whether the selection is inside a list. */
+  isInList: boolean;
+  /** Whether the selection is inside a notice/callout block. */
+  isInNotice: boolean;
+  /** Whether the selection is a table cell selection. */
+  isTableCell: boolean;
+  /** Whether the entire table is selected. */
+  isTableSelected: boolean;
+  /** The node type name when a NodeSelection is active, otherwise undefined. */
+  selectedNodeType: string | undefined;
+  /** The selected column index when a column drag handle is active. */
+  colIndex: number | undefined;
+  /** The selected row index when a row drag handle is active. */
+  rowIndex: number | undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Describes a selection toolbar menu contributed by an extension. Extensions
+ * return this from their `selectionToolbarMenu()` method so the toolbar can
+ * pick the right menu for the current selection.
+ */
+export interface SelectionToolbarMenuDescriptor {
+  /**
+   * Predicate that returns true when this menu should be shown for the
+   * current selection. The first matching menu (by priority) wins.
+   *
+   * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+   * @returns whether this menu matches.
+   */
+  matches: (ctx: SelectionContext) => boolean;
+  /**
+   * Higher-priority menus are checked first. Built-in menus use priorities
+   * 0–100. Extensions should use values above 100 to override, or negative
+   * values to act as fallbacks.
+   */
+  priority: number;
+  /** Toolbar alignment when this menu is active. Defaults to "center". */
+  align?: "center" | "start" | "end";
+  /**
+   * Returns the menu items to display for the current selection.
+   *
+   * @param ctx - the current selection context.
+   * @returns an array of menu items.
+   */
+  getItems: (ctx: SelectionContext) => MenuItem[];
+}